Willingness to accept monkeypox vaccine and its correlates among men who have sex with men in Southern China: a web-based online cross-sectional study.

Background: The May 2022 global outbreak of monkeypox (MPX) poses a threat to the health of men who have sex with men. However, there is limited data on the willingness of MSM to receive monkeypox vaccination in Southern China. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of MPX, concerns regarding MPX, and willingness to receive monkeypox vaccination, as well as their correlates, among MSM in China. Methods: We conducted a Web-based online survey of MSM in Southern China from August to September 2022. Data were collected on the socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, worries, concerns regarding MPX and willingness to receive monkeypox vaccination. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to explore the factors associated with willingness to receive monkeypox vaccination. Results: A total of 1903 participants completed the survey. Among them, approximately 69.9% reported being aware of MPX awareness, 94.1% of the participants supported the promotion of monkeypox vaccination. The majority of participants (91.4%) expressed their willingness to receive monkeypox vaccination. Participants who considered monkeypox vaccination safe [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 4.82, 95% CI: 1.35-17.18], agreed on the necessity of government promotion of monkeypox vaccination in China (aOR = 6.03, 95% CI: 1.07-33.93), believed in prioritizing monkeypox vaccination for MSM (aOR = 5.01, 95% CI: 1.10-22.71), and had friends or sexual partners who had already received the monkeypox or smallpox vaccination (aOR = 10.37, 95% CI: 2.11-50.99) are more likely to be vaccinated. Conversely, married individuals (aOR = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.03-0.47), those engaging in anal sex 4-6 times per week in the past 3 months (aOR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.09-0.77) expressed hesitancy toward monkeypox vaccination. Conclusion: There was a high willingness to receive monkeypox vaccination among MSM in China. The hesitancy toward the monkeypox vaccine can be effectively mitigated by addressing concerns about its safety and potential adverse reactions. Moreover, increasing acceptance of the monkeypox vaccination among MSM and their peers is crucial, as social influence significantly impacts vaccine attitudes and behaviors.

Bacterial surface swimming states revealed by TIRF microscopy.

Motility near solid surfaces plays a key role in the life cycle of bacteria and is essential for biofilm formation, biofilm dispersal, and virulence. The alignment of the cell body with the surface during surface swimming impacts bacterial surface sensing. Here, we developed a high-throughput method for characterizing the orientation of the cell body relative to the surface using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. The angle between the cell body and the surface was determined by maximizing image cross-correlations between the TIRF image of the cell and a reference library. Utilizing this technique, we surprisingly identified six distinct surface swimming states of Pseudomonas aeruginosa according to the body alignment and the flagellar position. Furthermore, we observed that the near-surface swimming speed is greater in the pull state than in the push state, attributed to hydrodynamic effects near the liquid-solid interface. Hydrodynamic force analysis of the swimming states provided rich insights into the mechanics of bacterial surface swimming. Our technique is readily applicable to the study of surface motility across a wide spectrum of bacterial species.

Flagellar motors of swimming bacteria contain an incomplete set of stator units to ensure robust motility.

Flagellated bacteria, like Escherichia coli, swim by rotating helical flagellar filaments powered by rotary flagellar motors at their base. Motor dynamics are sensitive to the load it drives. It was previously thought that motor load was high when driving filament rotation in free liquid environments. However, torque measurements from swimming bacteria revealed substantially lower values compared to single-motor studies. We addressed this inconsistency through motor resurrection experiments, abruptly attaching a 1-micrometer-diameter bead to the filament to ensure high load. Unexpectedly, we found that the motor works with only half the complement of stator units when driving filament rotation. This suggests that the motor is not under high load during bacterial swimming, which we confirmed by measuring the torque-speed relationship by varying media viscosity. Therefore, the motor operates in an intermediate-load region, adaptively regulating its stator number on the basis of external load conditions. This ensures the robustness of bacterial motility when swimming in diverse load conditions and varying flagella numbers.

Tethered particle motion of the adaptation enzyme CheR in bacterial chemotaxis.

Bacteria perform chemotactic adaptation by sequential modification of multiple modifiable sites on chemoreceptors through stochastic action of tethered adaptation enzymes (CheR and CheB). To study the molecular kinetics of this process, we measured the response to different concentrations of MeAsp for the Tar-only Escherichia coli strain. We found a strong dependence of the methylation rate on the methylation level and established a new mechanism of adaptation kinetics due to tethered particle motion of the methylation enzyme CheR. Experiments with various lengths of the C-terminal flexible chain in the Tar receptor further validated this mechanism. The tethered particle motion resulted in a CheR concentration gradient that ensures encounter-rate matching of the sequential modifiable sites. An analytical model of multisite catalytic reaction showed that this enables robustness of methylation to fluctuations in receptor activity or cell-to-cell variations in the expression of adaptation enzymes and reduces the variation in methylation level among individual receptors.

Uptake of HIV testing and its correlates among sexually experienced college students in Southwestern, China: a Web-Based online cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is becoming more common among college students in China. However, latest data on the prevalence and correlates of HIV testing among sexually experienced college students is rarely. METHODS: An online survey was conducted among college students aged 18 years or older using multistage stratified cluster sampling from 16 colleges. Data on socio-demographic, HIV testing, HIV-related awareness, attitudes, sexual education and behaviors were collected. Propensity score matching (PSM) and logistic regression model were used to identify factors associated with HIV testing. RESULT: A total of 108,987 students participated the survey, of which 13,201 sexually experienced college students were included in this study. 1,939 (14.69%) college students with sexual experience reported uptake of HIV testing in the preceding year. The uptake of HIV testing increased for college students with a rising HIV knowledge score and sexual health knowledge. Being awareness of HIV-related knowledge (aOR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.01-1.30), accepting one-night stands (aOR = 1.16, 95%CI:1.03-1.32), obtaining satisfactory sexual interpretation from parent(s) (aOR = 1.24, 95%CI: 1.07-1.43), ever had unintended pregnancy (aOR = 1.78, 95%CI: 1.32-2.38), ever had received HIV-related preventive service(s) (aOR = 1.37, 95%CI: 1.10-1.70), ever had participated HIV-related preventive services (aOR = 3.76, 95%CI: 2.99-4.75) and ever had anal sex (aOR = 2.66, 95%CI: 2.11-3.34) were positively associated with uptake of HIV testing. However, accepting premarital sex (aOR = 0.76, 95%CI: 0.66-0.88), accepting cohabitation (aOR = 0.75, 95%CI: 0.61-0.92), occasionally discussing sex with parent(s) (aOR = 0.68, 95%CI: 0.50-0.91), and being with moderate satisfaction of school sex courses (aOR = 0.74, 95%CI: 0.58-0.95) were negatively associated with uptake of HIV testing. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of HIV testing was relatively low. Participation in HIV-related services and high-risk sexual behaviors were important enablers for testing. Improving sex education for students, increasing HIV preventive services on campus, and improving family sex education are necessary to increase HIV testing among college sexually experienced students.

Magnetically assisted soft milli-tools for occluded lumen morphology detection.

Methodologies based on intravascular imaging have revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of endovascular diseases. However, current methods are limited in detecting, i.e., visualizing and crossing, complicated occluded vessels. Therefore, we propose a miniature soft tool comprising a magnet-assisted active deformation segment (ADS) and a fluid drag-driven segment (FDS) to visualize and cross the occlusions with various morphologies. First, via soft-bodied deformation and interaction, the ADS could visualize the structure details of partial occlusions with features as small as 0.5 millimeters. Then, by leveraging the fluidic drag from the pulsatile flow, the FDS could automatically detect an entry point selectively from severe occlusions with complicated microchannels whose diameters are down to 0.2 millimeters. The functions have been validated in both biologically relevant phantoms and organs ex vivo. This soft tool could help enhance the efficacy of minimally invasive medicine for the diagnosis and treatment of occlusions in various circulatory systems.

Timescale separation in the coordinated switching of bacterial flagellar motors.

The output of the bacterial chemotaxis signaling pathway, the level of the intracellular regulator CheY-P, modulates the rotation direction of the flagellar motor, thereby regulating bacterial run-and-tumble behavior. The multiple flagellar motors on anE. colicell are controlled by a common cytoplasmic pool of CheY-P. Fluctuation of the CheY-P level was thought to be able to coordinate the switching of multiple motors. Here, we measured the correlation of rotation directions between two motors on a cell, finding that it surprisingly exhibits two well separated timescales. We found that the slow timescale (∼6 s) can be explained by the slow fluctuation of the CheY-P level due to stochastic activity of the chemotactic adaptation enzymes, whereas the fast timescale (∼0.3 s) can be explained by the random pulse-like fluctuation of the CheY-P level, due probably to the activity of the chemoreceptor clusters. We extracted information on the properties of the fast CheY-P pulses based on the correlation measurements. The two well-separated timescales in the fluctuation of CheY-P level help to coordinate multiple motors on a cell and to enhance bacterial chemotactic performance.

Differential Bending Stiffness of the Bacterial Flagellar Hook under Counterclockwise and Clockwise Rotations.

The bacterial hook, as a universal joint coupling rotation of the flagellar motor and the filament, is an important component of the flagellum that propels the bacteria to swim. The mechanical properties of the hook are essential for the flagellum to achieve normal functions. In multiflagellated bacteria such as Escherichia coli, the hook must be compliant so that it can bend for the filaments to form a coherently rotating bundle to generate the thrust when the motor rotates counterclockwise (CCW), yet it also must be rigid so that the bundle can disrupt for the bacteria to tumble to change swimming direction when the motor rotates clockwise (CW). Here, by combining an elastic rod model with high-resolution bead assay to accurately measure the bending stiffness of the hook under CCW or CW rotation in vivo, we elucidate how the hook accomplishes this dual functionality: the hook stiffens under CW rotation, with bending stiffness under CW rotation twice as large as that under CCW rotation. This enables a robust run-and-tumble swimming motility for multiflagellated bacteria.

Precise Measurement of the Stoichiometry of the Adaptive Bacterial Flagellar Switch.

The cytoplasmic ring (C-ring) of the bacterial flagellar motor controls the motor rotation direction, thereby controlling bacterial run-and-tumble behavior. The C-ring has been shown to undergo adaptive remodeling in response to changes in motor directional bias. However, the stoichiometry and arrangement of the C-ring is still unclear due to contradiction between the results from fluorescence studies and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structural analysis. Here, by using the copy number of FliG molecules (34) in the C-ring as a reference, we precisely measured the copy numbers of FliM molecules in motors rotating exclusively counterclockwise (CCW) and clockwise (CW). We surprisingly found that there are on average 45 and 58 FliM molecules in CW and CCW rotating motors, respectively, which are much higher than previous estimates. Our results suggested a new mechanism of C-ring adaptation, that is, extra FliM molecules could be bound to the primary C-ring with probability depending on the motor rotational direction. We further confirmed that all of the FliM molecules in the C-ring function in chemotaxis signaling transduction because all of them could be bound by the chemotactic response regulator CheY-P. Our measurements provided new insights into the structure and arrangement of the flagellar switch. IMPORTANCE The bacterial flagellar switch can undergo adaptive remodeling in response to changes in motor rotation direction, thereby shifting its operating point to match the output of the chemotaxis signaling pathway. However, it remains unclear how the flagellar switch accomplishes this adaptive remodeling. Here, via precise fluorescence studies, we measured the absolute copy numbers of the critical component in the switch for motors rotating counterclockwise and clockwise, obtaining much larger numbers than previous relative estimates. Our results suggested a new mechanism of adaptive remodeling of the flagellar switch and provided new insights for updating the conformation spread model of the switch.

3D-printed micrometer-scale wireless magnetic cilia with metachronal programmability.

Biological cilia play essential roles in self-propulsion, food capture, and cell transportation by performing coordinated metachronal motions. Experimental studies to emulate the biological cilia metachronal coordination are challenging at the micrometer length scale because of current limitations in fabrication methods and materials. We report on the creation of wirelessly actuated magnetic artificial cilia with biocompatibility and metachronal programmability at the micrometer length scale. Each cilium is fabricated by direct laser printing a silk fibroin hydrogel beam affixed to a hard magnetic FePt Janus microparticle. The 3D-printed cilia show stable actuation performance, high temperature resistance, and high mechanical endurance. Programmable metachronal coordination can be achieved by programming the orientation of the identically magnetized FePt Janus microparticles, which enables the generation of versatile microfluidic patterns. Our platform offers an unprecedented solution to create bioinspired microcilia for programmable microfluidic systems, biomedical engineering, and biocompatible implants.

Complete chloroplast genome of Isoetes orientalis (Isoetaceae), an endangered quillwort from China.

Isoetes orientalis is an endangered hexaploidy species of Isoetaceae in China and the complete chloroplast genome of this species has not been reported. In the present study, a complete chloroplast genome of Isoetes orientalis (Isoetaceae) was assembled and annotated. This chloroplast genome has a circular structure of 145,504 bp in length, comprising a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 13,207 bp each, a large single-copy (LSC) region of 91,864 bp, and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 27,226 bp. The chloroplast genome contains 136 genes, including 84 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that I. orientalis was closely related to I. sinensis. These results provide additional resources for future studies on Isoetes from China and across the globe.

Co-Immobilization of Lipases with Different Specificities for Efficient and Recyclable Biodiesel Production from Waste Oils: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology.

Lipase-catalyzed transesterification is a promising and sustainable approach to producing biodiesel. To achieve highly efficient conversion of heterogeneous oils, combining the specificities and advantages of different lipases is an attractive strategy. To this end, highly active Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (1,3-specific) and stable Burkholderia cepacia lipase (non-specific) were covalently co-immobilized on 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (3-GPTMS) modified Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (co-BCL-TLL@Fe3O4). The co-immobilization process was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The obtained co-BCL-TLL@Fe3O4 exhibited a significant improvement in activity and reaction rate compared with mono and combined-use lipases, achieving 92.9% yield after 6 h under optimal conditions, while individually immobilized TLL, immobilized BCL and their combinations exhibited yields of 63.3%, 74.2% and 70.6%, respectively. Notably, co-BCL-TLL@Fe3O4 achieved 90-98% biodiesel yields after 12 h using six different feedstocks, demonstrating the perfect synergistic effect of BCL and TLL remarkably motivated in co-immobilization. Furthermore, co-BCL-TLL@Fe3O4 could maintain 77% of initial activity after nine cycles by removing methanol and glycerol from catalyst surface, accomplished by washing with t-butanol. The high catalytic efficiency, wide substrate adaptability and favorable reusability of co-BCL-TLL@Fe3O4 suggest that it will be an economical and effective biocatalyst for further applications.

Prevalence of depressive symptoms and correlates among individuals who self-reported SARS-CoV-2 infection after optimizing the COVID-19 response in China.

Background: The burden of depression symptoms has increased among individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 during COVID-19 pandemic. However, the prevalence and associated factors of depressive symptoms among individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 remain uncertain after optimizing the COVID-19 response in China. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among the public from January 6 to 30, 2023, using a convenience sampling method. Sociodemographic and COVID-19 pandemic-related factors were collected. The depression symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the associated factors with depressive symptoms. Results: A total of 2,726 participants completed the survey. The prevalence of depression symptoms was 35.3%. About 58% of the participants reported experiencing insufficient drug supply. More than 40% of participants reported that they had missed healthcare appointments or delayed treatment. One-third of participants responded experiencing a shortage of healthcare staff and a long waiting time during medical treatment. Logistic regression analysis revealed several factors that were associated with depression symptoms, including sleep difficulties (OR, 2.84; 95% CI, 2.34-3.44), chronic diseases (OR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.64-2.82), inpatient treatment for COVID-19 (OR, 3.24; 95% CI, 2.19-4.77), with COVID-19 symptoms more than 13 days (OR, 1.30, 95% CI 1.04-1.63), re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.07-2.15), and the increased in demand for healthcare services (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.08-1.61). Conclusion: This study reveals a moderate prevalence of depression symptoms among individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. The findings underscore the importance of continued focus on depressive symptoms among vulnerable individuals, including those with sleeping difficulties, chronic diseases, and inpatient treatment for COVID-19. It is necessary to provide mental health services and psychological interventions for these vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 epidemic.

The complete plastid genome provides insight into maternal plastid inheritance mode of the living fossil plant Ginkgo biloba.

In the current research, we focus on uniparental inheritance of chloroplast genome of the living fossil plant, Ginkgo biloba L., one of the gymnosperms, using genomic data.•Our results provide strong genomic evidence to support plastid maternal inheritance mode of G. biloba, which is different from most other gymnosperms.•The combination of manually genetic crosses and genomic data is proved to be an efficient way to investigate the inheritance mode of chloroplasts genome in land plants.•The current research also provides a case study for further research of plastid inheritance in gymnosperms using genomic techniques, which will contribute to a better understanding of cytologically uniparental inheritance mode and evolutionary mechanism of plastids in both gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Dual-mode electrochemiluminescence and electrochemical sensor for alpha-fetoprotein detection in human serum based on vertically ordered mesoporous silica films.

In this study, we demonstrated the highly sensitive detection of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) by electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and electrochemistry (EC) based on the gated transport of the bifunctional probe (tris(1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) chloride, Ru (phen)3Cl2) into the nanochannels of vertically ordered mesoporous silica films (VMSFs). Due to the negatively charged surface and ultrasmall pore size, VMSF displays a signal amplification effect on Ru (phen)3Cl2 and is suitable for the construction of sensors with excellent sensitivity. With the linkage of (3-glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane, the anti-AFP antibody could covalently bind to the external surface of VMSF, generating a highly specific recognized sensing interface toward AFP. When AFP is presented, the formed immunocomplex hinders the diffusion of Ru (phen)3Cl2 to the underlying electrode surface, resulting in a decreased ECL or EC response. The dual-mode detection of AFP is achieved with a relatively low limit of detection (0.56 fg/ml for ECL and 4.5 pg/ml for EC) and a wide linear range (10 fg/ml∼1 µg/ml for ECL and 10 pg/ml∼1 µg/ml for EC). Moreover, owing to the inherent anti-fouling property of VMSF, satisfactory results in the analysis of human serum were obtained, showing the great potential of the designed strategy in clinical diagnosis.

FliL Differentially Interacts with Two Stator Systems To Regulate Flagellar Motor Output in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

FliL is present in nearly all flagellated bacterial species and is associated with the flagellar basal body. This protein was found to be important for the function of the flagellar motor, and its absence led to a variety of motility defects in several species. However, the specific function of FliL in Pseudomonas aeruginosa remains elusive. Here, we studied the effects of FliL on motor output in P. aeruginosa using a bead assay, finding that FliL regulates motor output through its differential effects on the two sets of homologous MotAB and MotCD stators. FliL interacts with the MotCD stators to increase the motor torque and the stability of the motor speed, whereas it works with the MotAB stators to maintain a high motor switching rate. These effects of FliL contribute to enhancing P. aeruginosa's motility and chemotaxis. IMPORTANCE FliL emerged as a modulator of flagellar motor function in several bacterial species, but its function in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was unknown. Here, by performing single-motor studies using a bead assay, we elucidated its effects on the flagellar motor in P. aeruginosa. We found that it differentially interacts with two sets of stators (MotAB and MotCD) to regulate different aspects of bacterial motility (motor switching rate and motor rotation speed), thereby enhancing the ability of P. aeruginosa to explore its environment.

The complete chloroplast genome of Aristolochia hainanensis Merr. (Aristolochiaceae).

Aristolochia hainanensis Merr. 1922, a well-known Chinese medicinal plant, is distributed in Hainan Province and Guangxi Province, China. In the current study, we sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of A. hainanensis. The complete plastome genome was 159,764 bp in length, with a GC content of 38.8%, showing a typical quadripartite organization. The genome contained a large single-copy (LSC) of 89,134 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) of 19,306 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,662 bp. A total of 113 genes were annotated, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNAs, and four rRNAs. The trnK-UUU gene contained the longest intron (2644 bp). The topology of the maximum-likelihood tree supported a close relationship between A. hainanensis and A. kwangsiensis.

Direct Measurement of the Stall Torque of the Flagellar Motor in Escherichia coli with Magnetic Tweezers.

The flagellar motor drives the rotation of flagellar filaments, propelling the swimming of flagellated bacteria. The maximum torque the motor generates, the stall torque, is a key characteristic of the motor function. Direct measurements of the stall torque carried out 3 decades ago suffered from large experimental uncertainties, and subsequently there were only indirect measurements. Here, we applied magnetic tweezers to directly measure the stall torque in E. coli. We precisely calibrated the torsional stiffness of the magnetic tweezers and performed motor resurrection experiments at stall, accomplishing a precise determination of the stall torque per torque-generating unit (stator unit). From our measurements, each stator passes 2 protons per step, indicating a tight coupling between motor rotation and proton flux. IMPORTANCE The maximum torque the bacterial flagellar motor generates, the stall torque, is a critical parameter that describes the motor energetics. As the motor operates in equilibrium near stall, from the stall torque one can determine how many protons each torque-generating unit (stator) of the motor passes per revolution and then test whether motor rotation and proton flux are tightly or loosely coupled, which has been controversial in recent years. Direct measurements performed 3 decades ago suffered from large uncertainties, and subsequently, only indirect measurements were attempted, obtaining a range of values inconsistent with the previous direct measurements. Here, we developed a method that used magnetic tweezers to perform motor resurrection experiments at stall, resulting in a direct precise measurement of the stall torque per stator. Our study resolved the previous inconsistencies and provided direct experimental support for the tight coupling mechanism between motor rotation and proton flux.

Metachronal patterns by magnetically-programmable artificial cilia surfaces for low Reynolds number fluid transport and mixing.

Motile cilia can produce net fluid flows at low Reynolds number because of their asymmetric motion and metachrony of collective beating. Mimicking this with artificial cilia can find application in microfluidic devices for fluid transport and mixing. Here, we study the metachronal beating of nonidentical, magnetically-programmed artificial cilia whose individual non-reciprocal motion and collective metachronal beating pattern can be independently controlled. We use a finite element method that accounts for magnetic forces, cilia deformation and fluid flow in a fully coupled manner. Mimicking biological cilia, we study magnetic cilia subject to a full range of metachronal driving patterns, including antiplectic, symplectic, laeoplectic and diaplectic waves. We analyse the induced primary flow, secondary flow and mixing rate as a function of the phase lag between cilia and explore the underlying physical mechanism. Our results show that shielding effects between neighboring cilia lead to a primary flow that is larger for antiplectic than for symplectic metachronal waves. The secondary flow can be fully explained by the propagation direction of the metachronal wave. Finally, we show that the mixing rate can be strongly enhanced by laeoplectic and diaplectic metachrony resulting in large velocity gradients and vortex-like flow patterns.

Observation of broken detailed balance in polymorphic transformation of bacterial flagellar filament.

Living systems operate far from thermodynamic equilibrium, which usually manifests as broken detailed balance at the molecular scale. At larger scales with collective function of many molecules, the presence of non-equilibrium thermodynamics may not be evident. In bacterial motility, the switching dynamics of the flagellar rotary motor was recently discovered to be operating in non-equilibrium. However, the resulting motility pattern at the mesoscale, the run-and-tumble behavior, was normally considered to be a Poisson process that can be described by a two-state equilibrium model. Here, we studied the details of the run-and-tumble behavior by following the polymorphic transformation of the flagellar filaments, observing broken detailed balance that reveals its non-equilibrium nature. Evaluation of entropy production provided a direct measure of the lack of detailed balance and a quantification of the rate of energy dissipation for bacterial run-and-tumble regulation.